Definition & types of technical drawing (PDF download available)
This article defines technical drawing (drafting or projection) and uses different images to illustrate the meaning, and types of technical drawing widely taught in schools and practiced in industries. The eBook/technical drawing PDF document of this article is available to download for free. It contains all the information available in this article and extra important information on its last page: a link to hundreds of images of objects in 2 & 3 dimensions, and under different types of projections. Basically, both the article and eBook elaborate on the following:
- Definition of technical drawing.
- Types of technical drawing: parallel projection (orthographic—first angle, and third angle; oblique—cavalier, and cabinet; axonometric—isometric, dimetric, and trimetric), and perspective projection (1-point, 2-point, and 3-point).
- Objectives of technical drawing.
- Purpose of technical drawing.
- Application of technical drawing.
If you are interested in downloading the eBook of this article, which also contains a link to hundreds of various shapes and sizes of objects in 2 & 3 dimensions, click here and download it for free. For further reading, you may download the best books on technical and engineering drawing by clicking the following links.
Download PDF: Technical Graphics Communication by Bertoline, Wiebe, Hartman & Ross
Download PDF: Interpreting Engineering Drawings by Branoff, Theodore J.
Download PDF: Manual of Engineering Drawing by Simmons & Maguire
1.0 Definition of technical drawing
Technical drawing can be defined as the graphic representation of an object, concept, or idea using a universal language that consists of graphic symbols produced with the aid of drawing equipment/tools that can be used to measure straight and curved lines according to specified dimensions, scales, and codes of practice.
Technical drawing is used in many professions (engineering, architecture, manufacturing, construction, estate management, etc.) to draw or draft ideas and different views of physical objects like drainages, culverts, septic tanks, incinerators, houses, etc. Drawing—either artistic or technical—is one of the oldest forms of communication, and is believed to be older than verbal communication. Generally, there are two types of drawings: artistic drawing, and technical drawing:
Artistic Drawing
Artistic drawing is the type of drawing that is abstract because its meaning is unique to the person/artist who creates it. In order to understand the meaning of an artistic drawing, one has to understand the artist’s point of view or motivation for producing a specific artistic drawing.
Sometimes, it is necessary to understand an artist in order to understand their artistic drawing because artists often take a unique/abstract approach when communicating through their drawings. This type of approach gives rise to various interpretations when their drawings are exposed to public view.
Download PDF: Types of Technical & Engineering Drawing Lines and Their Uses
Download PDF: Orthographic Drawing Definition, Types, Views, Tutorial & Practice
All Articles on Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics
Regardless of how complex artistic drawings may appear, they express the clear feelings, beliefs, philosophies, and ideas of the artists who create them. Artistic drawings are generally freehand drawings or drawings made without the use of drawing instruments/tools.
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Technical Drawing
Technical drawing is the type of drawing that is not abstract because it doesn’t require an understanding of what its creator has in mind; rather, it requires an understanding that can only be gained by studying and using universally accepted tools, codes, and conventions applicable to technical drawing.
In addition to the previously stated definition of technical drawing, we can say that technical drawing clearly, precisely, and concisely communicates all important information conveyed by an idea produced in graphic form by the use of universally accepted codes of practice, tools, dimensions, notes, symbols, and specifications.
Technical drawing can be done manually on paper, or technologically on computers. When any idea or object is drawn on a computer, it is said to be drafted by computer-aided design (CAD). One major advantage of using CAD is that revisions can be easily and speedily carried out on any draft.
Any student, architect, engineer, etc., must understand the theory behind projections, dimensioning, and conventions if they wish to become proficient in drafting and interpreting drafts. It is very important for people to understand manual (traditional) drawing/drafting before exposing themselves to CAD softwares. Why? Because an understanding of manual drawings would make it easier to use CAD.
2.0 Types of technical drawing
Technical drawings are constructed based on the fundamental principles of projection. There are two main types of technical drawing or projection: parallel projection, and perspective projection. (Note that each projection has various categories that will be illustrated further below.)
A projection is any drawing, draft, or representation of an idea or object that is carried out after considering views from various imaginary planes. Projections, which are quite similar to the direct views that one can see on televisions, can be used to represent actual objects if the following are employed:
- the eye of the viewer looking at the object.
- an imaginary plane of projection as dictated by the direction of the eye(s) of the viewer.
- projectors or imaginary lines of sight.
The theories behind projection have been widely used to draft 3-dimensional objects on 2-dimensional media such as papers and computer screens. The theory of projection is based on two variables:
- line of sight.
- plane of projection: plane from which images can be projected—depending on the axis.
Figure 1: Lines of sight: parallel, and perspective projections
Figure 2: Planes of projection: parallel, and perspective projections
2.1 Parallel Projection
Parallel projection is the type of projection in which the lines of sight or projectors are parallel to each other, and also perpendicular to the planes of objects or images. Parallel projection can be categorized or divided into orthographic, oblique, and axonometric projections.
(1) Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection (or drawing) is the type of projection in which 3-dimensional objects are represented in 2 dimensions by projecting planes (consisting of 2 major axes) of objects so that they are parallel with the plane of the media they are projected on.
Orthographic projection can also be defined as the type of projection in which views are taken on different planes of objects and drawn (or represented) in 2 dimensions as illustrated by the principal views shown in the figures below:
Figure 3: Three major views in orthographic projection
Figure 4: Six general views in orthographic projection
There are two types of orthographic projection: first angle projection, and third angle projection:
In first angle projection (i.e., European/international system) the front view is placed at the top of a medium (paper, computer screen, etc.) along with the right side view which is placed at the left side of the front view, while the left side view is placed at the right side of the front view, and the plan (T) is placed alone beneath the front view.
In third angle projection (i.e., American system) the plan (T) is placed alone at the top, while the front view is placed beneath the plan, and the right side view is placed at the right side of the front view, while the left side view is placed at the left side of the front view. (Note that third-angle projection is more popular than first-angle projection.)
Figure 5: First angle, and third angle projections
If you would like to read more details about orthographic projection or drawing, click here.
(2) Oblique projection
Oblique projection is the type of projection in which an object is drawn in 3 dimensions, with each of the 3 dimensions (or major planes) consisting of two lines (or major axes: either xy, or yz, or xz) perpendicular to each other (i.e. 90°), and one of the 3 planes parallel to the plane of paper, or computer screen, etc.
In addition, one of the 3 planes is projected at either 30°, 45°, or 60° to the x-axis. Oblique projection is of 2 types: cavalier, and cabinet projection.
Figure 6: Oblique projection: cavalier, and cabinet projections
In cavalier projection, one of the 3 planes is drafted to represent a plane of an object “according to a given scale”, while in cabinet projection, one of the 3 planes is drafted to represent half of a plane of an object “according to half of a given scale”. A scale is any ratio (examples: 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, etc.) of the size of an object on paper to the actual size of the same object in real life.
Figure 7: Oblique projection with orthographic views
(3) Axonometric Projection
Axonometric projection is the type of projection that consists of three-dimensional drawings in which each of the 3 major axes (x, y, and z) of an object is drawn perpendicular to each other by either 30°, 45°, or 60°, and no plane of the object is drawn parallel to the plane of media—paper, computer screen, etc. Axonometric projection/drawing can be categorized into three types: isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections.
Isometric projection is a method of projection/drawing in which the edges of 3-dimensional objects are represented by 3 axes perpendicular to each other and inclined to each other by 120° on the plane of media—paper or computer; also, 2 of the 3 axes are inclined at either 30°, 45°, or 60° to any imaginary x-axis on any media.
In dimetric projection, 2 angles between any 2 major axes are unequal, while in trimetric projection, the 3 angles between the 3 major axes are unequal. Two different angles are required to construct 2 planes of objects in dimetric projections, while 3 different angles are required to construct 3 planes of objects in trimetric projections.
Figure 8: Isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections
2.2 Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is the type of projection in which objects appear smaller as their distances from an observer increases: objects’ dimensions along a line of sight appear shorter than they actually are.
There are 3 types of perspective projections: 1-point, 2-point, and 3-point projections. One-point perspective projections consist of 1 vanishing point, while 2-point and 3-point perspective projections consist of 2 and 3 vanishing points, respectively.
A vanishing point is a point of convergence where all lines of sight meet.
Figure 9: One-point perspective projection
Figure 10: Two-point perspective projection
Figure 11: Three-point perspective projection
3.0 Objectives of technical drawing
The general objectives of studying technical drawing include the following:
- to develop skills in using universally accepted tools, symbols, scales, and conventions to draw any visible object or invisible idea on paper, and computer.
- to understand orthographic and isometric projections and employ them in drafting/drawing ideas and objects using both projections, respectively.
- to understand and interpret technical drawings, sketches, and working drawings.
- to develop the ability to use imagination to observe, visualize and draft objects, ideas, or concepts.
- to develop the ability to produce clean, accurate, neat, and informative drawings in a moderate amount of time.
- to develop the ability to take on any projects and draw environmental health science, civil, and environmental engineering objects/structures.
4.0 Purpose of technical drawing
To draft and design objects or structures, and assess how they would appear in real life after they are manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, or built. For example, houses, septic tanks, drainages, etc., must be designed and assessed before they are built.
5.0 Application of technical drawing
Technical drawings have wide applications in any field in which planning and designing are required, such as architecture, manufacturing, engineering, construction, environment, estate management, etc.
Sanitarians, surveyors, environmental scientists, and civil/environmental engineers use technical drawings to supervise the construction of layouts, structures, objects, and boundaries for various types of properties (houses, etc.).
Technical drawings are also used in situations where ideas/designs for objects and structures need to be modified, and different 2-dimensional views need to be assembled into 3-dimensional views.
Generally, technical drawings are used by a variety of professions, including but not limited to:
- engineers
- architects
- contractors
- inventors
- technicians
- teachers
- etc.
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Very interesting read and so educational. Took me back to my drawing board in architecture school!
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So you studied architectural drawing which is so much related to this? I read civil engineering, and posted this mainly because of the ease this platform provides to gather links to from many parts of the internet and publish posts for students I teach. thanks for visiting, reading and commenting.
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Very concise and accurate description of technical drafting. I’m an Architect who was dragged kicking and screaming into the world of Autocad. Computer-aided drafting is much slower than hand drafting because it demands precision, but it allows revisions to be made more quickly – you can erase an entire set of plans with a click or the button. It’s unfortunate that many CAD drafters don’t know how to draw.
In the early days of CAD, I’d get mocked: “Oh, look at the old hand drafter who needs an eraser!” but when the server crashed or the power went out, I’d still be working.
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Bunk, I enjoyed every bit of your interesting observation and comment, and must admit that many CAD drafters don’t know how to draw with tools.
Drawing with tools is more adventurous and entertaining for me than using CAD because I’ve always liked to use freehand and do fine art long before I started technical/engineering drawing. People who rely alot on CAD won’t be able to survive in countries that have unstable power supply like my own country and that of many others.
Thank you for visiting, reading and commenting—highly appreciated
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I’m a cartoonist at heart, but you can’t doodle on CAD.
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Yea, your right; even if anyone attempted it, it still wouldn’t be as appealing as it would if done especially by a talented artist who uses freehand on paper.
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thanks alot for visiting, reading and linking to the article—highly appreciated.
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Your post is well written and illustrated. Now here’s a link for you. It was my grandfather’s book, and I memorized it as a kid. Andrew Loomis’ “Fun With A Pencil.”
https://archive.org/details/andrew-loomis-fun-with-a-pencil
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Thanks alot for the compliment, and also for the book. I will go through the book and view drawing from another angle.
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I was thinking a webpage would open for me to read, but rather a pdf copy appeared for me to download—titled “Andrew Loomis: Fun-with-a-pencil”…
I have to admit that it’s an incredible book which can really help people with the basics of drawing, and which they can continue to improve upon and become much better… your grandfather must have been a brilliant artist…I’m just imagining how good you should be at drawing if you absorbed the contents of this type of book when you were a kid…
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Technical drawing class while earning my engineering degree, two years later: AutoCad. I kept the architect scale and the 30-60-90 triangle for years, though…
Very well explained!
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interesting to meet another former technical drawing student…from your comments, it seems you have more experience using drawing tools (scale rule, 30-60-90 triangle) than autocad…i prefer using tools whenever I decide to exercise my thinking and imagination more.
Thanks for visiting, reading and commenting.
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Very informative.
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Thanks alot for reading and leaving a positive comment.
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That kind of sums up my career in drafting and Project Management for the past 41 years. Cheers. Allan
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Wow! 41 years in drafting and project management? Allan, that’s still a long way for some of us to go; surely, it contains a lot more experience I still need to get.
Nice to meet a veteran like you here 😄, and thanks for taking time to visit, read and comment.
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Great piece. I’m an electrical engineer in the Silicon Valley and took “mechanical” drawing for a year in junior high school. Have a great day. Forrest 🙂
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I deeply appreciate your remark about the post. It seems what is applicable in your country/region, is also applicable here: we do technical drawing supervised by lecturers who have a background in mechanical engineering. Thanks a lot for visiting, reading and commenting.
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Very interesting post
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Well done, my friend. Myself, I was not good at any work like yours. I was in Logistics.for years -until retirement in 2002. Have a good day.
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I appreciate your comment regarding the post, and your experience. There are things that I might not be good at as well, like logistics, social sciences, etc. Thanks a lot for visiting and reading.
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Reblogged this on Vijayagiri views.
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👍👍👍Thank you very much for reblogging the post—your kind gesture is highly appreciated.
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Pingback: Definition & types of technical drawing – Vijayagiri views
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an enjoyable technical read with excellent illustrations….thanks!
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thanks for visiting, and the compliment too… please note that the article was written for people to whom it can be of immense help to, not necessarily for beginners… also there are many beginners (and probably novices) who will still learn alot from it; or at least a thing or two; this depends alot on one’s own effort and understanding…
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thanks for your thoughtful comment…I have an MSc in water resources & environmental engineering, a BSc in civil engineering, and also have well-researched self-prepared lecture notes on technical drawing which I have been using to teach university undergraduate environmental health science students for about five years
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